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TextAOftheCauses，Geioionofaoh1
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ThomasHobbes
Pre-reading
ThomasHobbes（1588-1679）wasoEnglishphilosophersandpoliticaltheorists，ahetralfiguresofBritishempiricisHobbesstudiedatOxford，wherehelearhephilosophyofPlatoand，especially，Aristotlethatstayedforlife.AftergraduatiohefamilyoftheEarls（laterDukes）ofDevoorahhispupilinEuragedGalileoinphilosophicaldissoureofmotion.
&uropoliticaltheory，buthissupportforabsolutismputhimatoddswiththerisingantiroyalistsehetime.HefledtoParisin1640，wherehetutoredthefutureKingCharlesⅡofEngland.Iehisbest-knowhan（1651），iedtojustifytheabsolutepowerofthesnonthebasisofahypotheticalsotrawhidividualsseektoprotectthemselvesfromoherbyagreeihesninallmatters.Hobbesheldthatthegreatestthreattohumaywastheanarchyofthe“Stateofhattoavoidthathorrifidition，wherelifewas“solitary，poor，nasty，brutish，andshort”
，atracttoestablishashsuffitauthoritytoenfordmaintainorder.
&urainin1651afterthedeathofCharlesⅠ.In1666Parliameoiehimasa.Hisworksaresideredimportaheideasofliberalismaswellasofthelongstandingassumptionsofabsolutismcharacteristies.
Promptsf
1.Whatarethecharacteristicsoftheso-calledpoliticalcreatures?
2.Whatarethesixdiffereweenhumanbeingsandpoliticalcreatures?
3.Forosesdoestheauthoransandpoliticalcreatures?
4.Whatarethefunmonpower?
5.Whatisaoh?
6.Whomdoestheohinaoh?
7.Whydopeoplehavetogiveupsomeoftheirindividualrightsinaoh?
8.Whatarethetwowaysofattainingsnpower?
9.Whatiscalledaohbya?
10.Whatiscalledaohbyinstitution?
[1]Itistruethatliviures，asbeesandants，livesoewithanother（whicharethereforebyAristotle2politicalcreatures），ahaveioicularjudgmentsaes;norspeech，wherebyohemifytoahethifortheo:andthereforesomemanmayperhapsdesiretoknowwhymankinde.To>
[2]Firstly，thatmeinuallyiionfnity，whichthesecreaturesarenot;alyamoherearisethonthatground，envy，andhatred，andfinallywar;butamoso.
[3]Sedly，thatamourestheongooddifferethnotfromtheprivate;andbeingbynatureiheirprivate，theyprocuretherebytheoman，whosejoysistethinparihothermehingbutwhatisemi.
[4]Thirdly，thatthesecreatures，havingnot，asman，theuseofreason，dohinktheysee，anyfaultirationoftheironbusiness:whereasamohereareverymanythatthinkthemselveswiseraogovernthepublic，betterthahesestrivetoreformandihisway，away;andtherebybringitintodistradcivil>
[5]Fourthly，thatthesecreatures，thoughtheyhavesomeuseofvoimakingknowhertheirdesiresaioheywantthatartofwordsbywhieoothersthatwhichisgoodinthelikenessofevil;ahelikenessofgood;aordimigreatnessofgoodandevil，disgmenandtroublingtheirpeaceattheirpleasure.
[6]Fifthly，irratiouresotdistiweeninjuryaherefastheybeatease，theyarehtheirfellows，whereasmaroublesomewheatease;forthenitisthathelovestoshowhiswisdom，andtroltheathatgoverntheoh.
[7]Lastly，theagreemeuresisnatural;thatofmenisbyt4only，whichisartifidthereforeitisherebesomewhatelserequired，besidest，tomaketheiragreementtandlasting，owertokeepthemiodirecttheirao.
[8]Theonlywaytoerectsuonpower，asmaybeabletodefeheinvasiheinjuriesofoherebytosecuretheminsuchsortasthatbytheirownindustryasoftheearththeymaynourishthemselvesaedly，istoferalltheirpowerahupononeman，orupononeassemblyofmen，thatmayreducealltheirwills，bypluralityofvoitoonewill，whichisasmuchastosay，toappointoneman，orassemblyofmeheirpersooownandaowledgehimselftobeauthorofwhatsoeverhethatsobeareththeirpersonshallact，orcausetobeathosethingswhitheonpeadsafety;aosubmittheirwills，everyoohiswill，andtheirjudgmentstohisjudgment.Thisismoretha，orcord5;itisarealunityofthemallihesameperson，madebyanwitheveryman，insuerasifeverymanshouldsaytoeveryman:Iauthiveupmyrightmyselftothisman，ortothisassemblyofmen，onthis，thatthougiveupthyrighttohim，andauthorizeallhisalikemahisdoudesounitedinonepersoniscalledaOH;inLatin，CIVITAS.ThisisthegeionofthatgreatLEVIATHAN6，orrather，tospeakmorereverently，ofthatModtoe，ualGod，ourpeaddefense.Forbythisauthiveiintheoh，hehaththeuseofsomuchpowerahferredonhimthat，byterrorthereof，heiseoformthewillsofthemall，topeautualaidagainsttheirenemiesabroad.Andinhimsisteththeesseheoh，which，todefi，is:oneperson，ofwhoseactsagreatmultitude，bymutualtsohanother，havemadethemselveseveryohor，totheendhemayusethestrengthahemallasheshallthiheirpeaondefense.
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