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[3]TheaotheNazisandFascistsresentthemselvesaspatriotssavingSpainfromaRussiandictatorship.ThisiendingthatlifeiSpainwasjustonelongmassacre（videtheCatholicHeraldortheDailyMail—butthesewerechild’splayparedwiththetalFascistpress），anditinvolvedimmeingthescaleofRussiaion.OutofthehugepyramidoflieswhichtheCatholidreaarypressallovertheworldbuiltup，letmetakejusto—thepresenSpainofaRussiaFranco2partisansallbelievediesthwentashighashalfamillion.Now，therewasnoRussianarmyinSpain.Theremayhavebeenahandfulofairmees，afewhuhemost，butanarmytherewashousandsnerswhofoughtinSpain，ionmillionsofSpahis.Well，theirtestimonymadeallupontheFrancandists，notoneofwhomhadsetfootiSpain.SimultahesepeoplerefusedutterlytoadmitthefaanorItaliathesametimeastheGermanandItalianpresswereopenlyboastingabouttheexploitsionaries”
.Ihaveentio，butinfactthewholeofFascistpropagandaaboutthewarwasonthislevel.
[4]Thiskindofthingisfrighteningtome，becauseitoftehefeelingthattheveryceptofobjectivetruthisfadingoutoftheworld.Afterall，thecesarethatthoselies，oratanyratesimilarlies，willpassintohistory.HowwillthehistoryoftheSpanishwarbewritten?IfFranainsinpowerhisnomineeswillwritethehistorybooks，and（tostiypoint）thatRussianarmywhieverexistedwillbeehistoricalfadschoolwilllearnaboutitgeiosupposeFascismisfiedandsomekiieoredinSpaininthefairlyure;eventhen，howisthehistoryofthewartobewritten?WhatkindofrecordswillFrabehindhim?Supposeeventhattherecordskeptosidearerecoverable—evenso，howisatruehistoryofthewartobewritten?For，asIhavepoialready，theGoveralsodealtextensivelyiheanti-Fasgleonecouldwriteabroadlytruthfulhistoryofthewar，butitartisanhistory，unreliableoneveryminorpoierall，somekindofhistorywillbewritten，ahosewhoactuallyrememberthewararedead，itwillbeuniversallyaccepted.Soforallpracticalpurposestheliewillhavebeetruth.
[5]Iknowitisthefashiontosaythatmostofrecordedhistoryisliesanyway.Iamwillihathistoryisforthemostpartinadbiased，buteculiarteistheabaheideathathistorycouldbetruthfullywrittepeopledeliberatelylied，ortheyunsciouslycoloredwhattheywrote，ortheystruggledafterthetruth，wellknowingthattheymustmakemaineachcasetheybelievedthat“thefacts”
existedandweremoreorlessdiscoverable.Andiherewasalwaysasiderablebodyoffactwhichwouldhavebeeobyalmosteveryone.Ifyoulookupthehistoryofthelastwarin，foriheEannica，youwillfindthatarespectableamouerialisdrawnfromGermaishaorianlyonmanythings，evenoals，buttherewouldstillbethatbodyof，asitwere，ralfawhieitherwouldseriouslygetheother.Itisjustthisonbasisofagreement，withitsimplithathumanbeingsareallonespeal，thattotalitariaroys.Nazitheoryindeedspecifiiesthatsugas“thetruth”
exists.Thereis，forinstanosugas“sce”
.Thereisonly“Germansce”
“Jewishsce”
，etc.TheimpliedobjectiveofthislihoughtisanightmareworldinwhichtheLeader，clique，otourebutthepast.IftheLeadersaysofsudsut，“Itneverhappeneverhappehattwoandtwoarefive—oarefive.Thisprhtensmemuchmorethanbombs—andafterourexperiehelastfewyearsthatisnotafrivolousstatement.
[6]Butisitperhapsorbidtoterrifyohvisionsofatotalitarianfuture?Befoffthetotalitarianworldasaetrue，justrememberthatin1925theworldoftodaywouldhaveseemeda’tetrue.Againstthatshiftingphantasmagoriwhichblackmaybewhitetomorrowaerday’sweatherbegedbydecree，thereareiyonlytwosafeguards.Ohowevermuythetruth，thetruthgoesoing，asitwere，behindyourbadyoutly’tviolateitinairmilitaryefficy.Theotheristhatsolosoftheearthremaiheliberaltraditioalive.LetFascism，orpossiblyevenabinationofseveralFasquerthewholeworld，awos.WeinEnglahedahiskindofthing，becauseourtraditionsandourpastsecurityhavegivealbeliefthatitallesrightihethingyoumostfearneverreallyhappens.NourishedforhundredsofyearsoureinwhichRightinvariablytriumphsichapter，webelievehalf-ievilalwaysdefeatsitselfinthelongrun.Pacifism，forinstance，isfelyonthisbelief.Doevil，anditwillsomehowdestroyitself.Butwhyshouldit?Whatevideitdoes?Andwhatihereofamodernindustrializedstategunlessqueredfromtheoutsidebymilitaryforce?
[7]siderforihere-institutionofslavery.WhocouldhaveimagiyyearsagothatslaverywouldreturntoEurope?Well，slaveryhasbeeoredunderourheforpsalloverEuropeandNorthAfricawherePoles，Russians，Jeolitiersofeveryracetoilatroad-makingors-drainingfortheirbarerations，aresimplechattelslavery.Themostonesayisthatthebuyingandsellingofslavesbyindividualsised.Inotherways—thebreaking-upoffamilies，forihesareprobablyworsethaheAmeriplantations.Thereisnoreasthatthisstateofaffairswillgewhileanytotalitariandominationegraspitsfullimplis，beysticalwaywefeelthataregimefoundedocollapse.Butitisworthpariionoftheslaveempiresofantiquitywiththatofae.Civilizationsfoundedonslaveryhavelastedforsuchperiodsasfourthousandyears.
[8]WhenIthinkofantiquity，thedetailthatfrightethosehundredsofmillionsofslavesonwhosebackscivilizatieieiobehindthemever.WedoheirhewholeofGreekandRomanhistory，howmanyslaves’oyou?Ikoftwo，orpossiblythree.OadtheotherisEpictetus4.Also，intheRomanroomattheBritishMuseumthereisaglassjarwiththemaker’snameihebottom，“Felixfecit”
.IhaveavividmentalpictureofpoorFelix（aGaulwithredhairaalcollarrouihavebeehereareonlytwoslaveswhoseelyknorobablyfewpeopleremembermore.Theresthavegoouttersilence.
...
[9]ThebaeoftheresistaFrancoanishw—class，especiallytheurbantrade-uhelongrun—itisimportaitisonlyinthelongrun—thewclassremaireliableenemyofFascism，simplybecausethew-dstogainmostbyadestruofsolikeotherclassesories，it’tbepermalybribed.
[10]TosaythisishewthellethathasfollowedtheRussiaionitisthemanualworkerswhohavebeeisimpossiblewastheirownfault.Timeaftertime，intryaftertry，theanizedw-entshavebeencrushedbyopen，illegalvioleheirradesabroad，lihemiicalsolidarity，havesimplylookedohing;ahis，secretarayals，haslaihatbetweenwhiteandcoloredworkersthereisnoteveosolidarity.WhobelieveinthesternatioaftertheeveeheBritishwclassthemassacreoftheirradesinVienna，Berlin，Madrid，orwhereveritmightbe，seemedlessiiaerday’sfootballmatch.YetthisdoeshefactthatthewclasswillgagainstFascismaftertheothershave.OheNaziquestofFraheastoionsamoelligentsia，ineoftheleft-wingpolititelligeelligehepeoplewhosquealloudestagainstFasdyetarespectableproportionofthemcollapseiismwhenthepiheyarefar-sightedenoughtoseetheoddsagainstthem，aheybebribed—foritisevidentthattheNazisthinkitworthwhiletobribeiuals.Withthewclassitistheotherwayabout.Tooignorahroughthetrickthatisbeihem，theyeasilyswallowthepromisesofFascism，yetsooertheyalthestruggleagaidoso，betheirowheyalwaysdiscoverthatthepromisesofFasotbefulfilled.Towihew—classpermaheFascistswouldhavetoraisethegeandardofliving，whichtheyareunableandprobablyunwillingtodleclassislikethegrolaisblindandstupid，butitkokeeppushingupwardstowardsthelight，anditwilldothisinthefadlessdisents.Whatarethewfor?Simplyforthedetlifewhichtheyaremoreandmoreawareisnoossible.Theiressofthisaimebbsandflows.InSpain，forawhile，peovingtoalwhichtheywaoreadbelievedtheycouldreach.ItatedforthecuriouslybuoyalifeiSpainhaddurihsofthewar.TheonpeoplekheirboheRepublicwastheirfriendandFrancowastheirehattheywerei，becausetheywerefightingforsomethingwhichtheworldowedthemandwasabletogivethe
[11]OorememberthistoseetheSpanishwariive.Whehiy，squalor，andfutilityofwar—andinthisparticularcaseoftheiheperses，theliesandthemisuandings—thereisalwaysthetemptationtosay:“Onesideisasbadastheother.Iamral.”
Inpractice，however，oberal，andthereishardlysugasawarinwhichitmakesnodifferens.Nearlyalwaysoandsmoreorlessfress，theothersidemoreorlessforrea.ThehatredwhichtheSpanishRepublicexmillionaires，dukes，als，play-boys，Blimps5andwhat-notwouldinitselfbeenoughtoshowohelandlay.Iwasaclasswar.Ifithadbeenwon，themonpeopleeverywherewouldhavebeehewaslost，andthedividend-drawersallovertheworldrubbedtheirhands.Thatwastherealissue;allelsewasfrothonitssurface.
...
[12]TheouteoftheSpanishwarwassettledinLondon，Paris，Rome，Berlin—atainSpaihesummerof1937thosewitheyesintheirheadsrealizedthattheGoverotwinthewaruhererofouheiio-up，aofightonNegrihersmayhavebeenpartlyiheexpethatthehichactuallybrokeoutin1939wasingin1938.Themuch-publicizeddisunityosidewasnotamaincauseofdefeat.TheGoveriaswerehurriedlyraised，ill-armedandunimagiheirmilitaryoutlook，buttheywouldhavebeenthesameifpletepoliticalagreemeedfromthestart.Attheoutbreakofanishfactoryworkerdidnotevenknowhowtofirearifle（therehadneverbeenuniversalsinSpain），aionalpacifismoftheLeftwasagreathandicap.ThethousandsnerswhoservedinSpainmadegoodinfantry，buttherewereveryfewexpertsofanykindamorotskyist7thesisthatthewarcouldhavebeenwoionhadagedrobablyfalse.Tonatioories，demolishchurdissuerevolutionarymaoswouldhearmiesmoreeffit.TheFasbecausetheywerethestroheyhadmodernarmsahershadn’t.Nopoliticalstrategycouldoffsetthat.
[13]ThemostbafflingthingintheSpanishwarwasthebehavireatpowers.ThewarwasactuallywonforFrancobytheGermansandItaliaiveswereobviouseivesofFraaiouand.In1936itwascleartoeveryoifBritainwouldoheSpa，eveofafewmillionpounds’worthofarms，Francowouldcollapsearategywouldbeseverelydislocated.BythattimeoobeattoforeseethatwarbetweenBritainandGermanywasing;oellwithioulde.Yetimean，coocriticalwaytheBritishrulingclassdidalltheycouldtohandSpaioFrandtheNazis.Why?Becausetheywerepro-Fascist，wastheobviousanswer.Uheywere，acametothefinalshowdowostanduptoGermany.Itisstillveryuainlaedoninbadtheymayhavehadnoatall.WhethertheBritishrulingclassarewierelystupidisodifficultquestionsofourtime，aaisaveryimportaion.AstotheRussiaivesintheSpanishletelyihey，asthepierveneinSpaiodefenddemodthwarttheNazis?ThenwhydidtheyinterveneonsuiggardlysdfinallyleaveSpaininthelurch?Ordidthey，astheaierveerrevolutioninSpain?ThenwhydidtheydoallintheirpowertocrushtheSpaios，defeyandhahemiddleclassasagainstthewclass?Ordidthey，astheTrotskyistssuggested，intervenesimplyiopreventaSpaiohavebadeed，theiraosteasilyexplainedifoheywereaseveraltradiotives.IbelievethatiureweshalletofeelthatStalin’sfnpolisteadofbeingsodiabolicallycleverasitisclaimedtobe，hasbeeunistidstupid.ButataheSpanishCivilWardemoheheyweredoingandtheiropposdidnot.Thewarwasfoughtatalowteicallevelanditsmajywasverysimple.Thatsidewhichhadarmswouldwin.TheNazisaaliaotheirSpanishFasds，aerndemodtheRussiansdidothosewhoshouldhavebeentheirfriends.SotheSpanishRepublicperished，havinorepublicmissed”
.
[14]Whetheritwasright，asallleft-wihertriesundoubtedlydid，tetheSpaniardstogoonfightiheyotwiionhardtoanswer.Imyselfthinkitwasright，becauseIbelievethatitisbettereveofviewofsurvivaltofightandbequeredthahoutfightisorategyainstFasotbeassessedyet.Theragged，onlessarmiesoftheRepublicheldoutfortwoandahalfyears，whidoubtedlyloheireed.ButwhetherthatdislocatedtheFascisttimetable，orwhether，oherhapohemajavetheimetogettheirwarma，isstilluain.
Notes
1.ArthurKoestler:（1905-1983）Britishwriter（bary）whowroteaheStalinistpurgesduringthe1930s
2.Franco:（1892-1975）SpanishgeneralwhosearmiestooktrolofSpainin1939andwhoruledasaditilhisdeath
3.Spartacus：（109B.C.-71B.C.）aThragladiator，whowasoheslaveleadersihirdServileWar，amajorslaveuprisingagainsttheRomanRepublic
&us:（55-135）Greek-speakingStoicphilosopher.HewasborHierapia（presentdayPamukkale，Turkey），andlivediilhisba，wheoNierherestofhislife.ToEpictetus，allextersaredetermie，ahusbeyondourtrol;weshouldacceptpensddispassionately.However，individualsarerespoheirownas，whichtheyeandtrorousself-dise.
5.Blimp:anyelderlypompousreaaryultra-nationalistic（极端民族主义的）persohecharactercreatedbySirDavidLow）
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