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Preface
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FromitsbeginningsiGreece，theWesterraditionhashadadedividualistitation.Thisistruebothinphilosophy，espetheanalytictraditionoftheAnglophoneworld，assychologysihasanacademicdisthe19thtury.
Butthiophilosophy，animportantnewparadigmhasemergedifewdecadesthatattemptstocharacterizehumanshared（orcolletentionality.IialphilosopherssuSearle，MichaelBratman，ahaveuneofthemanywaysinwhiactivitiesthat，onthesurfadividualistirealityonlypossiblebecauseoftheunderlyingsocialrelationshipsandculturals，andinstitutionsthatsupportandstructuretheThe“deepstructure”
ofuniquelyhumanpsychologyisessentiallysodcultural.
Inpsychology，thegeisbeinginstigatedbyevolutionaryapproalookiionofthehumanspeparisonwiththatofitserelatives，itisclearthatthemostimportantdifferencesderivefromhumans’uniqueformsofsoteraparticular，humaobemuedtoengageinvariouskindsofcooperation，iniqueformsofcooperativeuni.Thisenableshumangroupstocreateallkindsofthihatnoindividualcoulditsoliesmostobviouslytothingssuputersandskyscrapers，butitalsoappliestomorebasipetenciessuventionallinguistiunidindividualself-regulatioy’smoralnorms.
WhyWeCooperateisbasedouresdeliveredatStanfordUyihere-formulatedfeneralaudieinparisonwithotherprimatespesareinordinatelycooperative.Youobecooperativefromthebeginning，asocializatidoesohavemucheffect.Thisisnottosaythatadultsocializationisnotimportant-itis-butonlyforolder；itdoeseyoung’sgenerallycooperativeshowsupbothwheosometroubletohelpothersfulfilltheirgoals，andalsowhentheycollaboratewithooaongoals.Muchoftheresearchreviewedinthisbookillustratestheuniquewaysinwhisareadaptedforcooperation.
ANaturalHistoryofHumanThinkianacademitralclaimisthatuniquelyhumanformsofthionaprimatebase-greatapesdoihiosolveproblems-butthenitgoeswellbeyondthis.Whatehinkingtogobeyondgeneralprimatethinkingisitsincorporationofsocialprocesses.Itissoduwithothersthatenableshumansto，forexample，formperspectivalitiverepresentations（sothatthesameanimalmaybecalledeitheradogorapet）andtothinkaboutthinkingrecursively.Ahatgovernhumanreasoningprople，nottotradieselfdireormsthatthesocietyasawholeand，inesseistoberatioure.Themetaphorusedtoopenthebookisthathumanthinkingislikeajazzmusiimprovisiuneiisindividualactivity，ofcourse，butitismadepossiblebyaculturalhistoryofjazzmusicthathascreatedtheihebasis，andtheaudiestitutethisparticularwayofmakingmusic.
IamfromwhatIreadincross-culturalpsychology，aAsiantriesaremuchmore“collectivist”
culturesthanthoseinwhichIhavegrownupahuspossiblethatmahingsIargueforisareobvioustoesereaders.Butobviousornot，IuefortheiradIhopetheydoprovidesomemeasureofinsightintothebasicproansoteradthinking，evenforreaderswhoarealreadysteepediwaysofthinkingandag.
Miasello
2016.7.7
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